Efeito α-tomatina na proliferação celular, apoptose e expressão de RNAm dos genes APC, Ciclina A2, Catenina, CASP9, BAK, BAX e BCL-XL em células HT29

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

High-resolution refinement of orthorhombic bovine pancreatic phospholipase A2

The X-ray structure of recombinant bovine pancreatic phospholipase A(2) (PLA2), which specifically catalyzes the cleavage of the sn-2 acylester bond of phospholipids, has been refined at 1.5 Angstrom resolution. The crystal belongs to the space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with unit-cell parameters a = 47.12, b = 64.59 and c = 38.14 Angstrom similar to the native enzyme reported previously by Dijkstra et nl. [J. Mel. Biol. (1981), 147, 97-123]. The refinement converged to an R value of 18.4% (R-free = 22.8%) for 16 374 reflections between 10.0 and 1.5 Angstrom resolution. The surface-loop residues (60-70) art: ordered in the present orthorhombic recombinant enzyme, but disordered in the trigonal recombinant enzyme. The active-site residues, His48, Asp99, and the catalytic water superimpose well with the trigonal form. Besides the catalytic water which is hydrogen bonded to His48, it is often seen that there is a second water attached to the same N atom of His48 and simultaneously hydrogen bonded to the O atom of Asp49. It is thought that the second water facilitates the tautomerism of His48 for enzyme catalysis, The catalytic water is also hydrogen bonded to the equatorial water coordinated to the calcium ion, In addition to the equatorial water, there is also an axial calcium water and the additional structural water. These five common water molecules are hydrogen bonded to the additional 16 water molecules in the present orthorhombic structure which may further enhance the structural integrity of the active site. Besides the protein and one calcium ion, a total of 134 water molecules were located in the present high-resolution refinement.

New A2+Mo4+O3 oxides with defect spinel structure

New A2+Mo4+O3 oxides for A = Mn, Co and Zn crystallizing in a defect spinel structure have been prepared by hydrogen-reduction of the corresponding AMoO4 oxides. X-ray powder diffraction intensity analysis of the zinc compound indicates that the cation distribution is (Zn)t[Zn1/3Mo4/3□1/3]oO4. The defect spinels are metastable decomposing to a mixture of A2Mo3O8 and AO at high temperatures. Electrical and magnetic properties of the spinel phases are reported.

Separation of vitamins A1 and A2 allied compounds by thin-layer chromatography

A simple and rapid method for the separation of vitamins A1 and A2 and allied compounds by thin-layer chromatography using kieselgel has been described. The method, however, cannot bbe applied for quantitative estimation.

Oxidation of vitamin A1 and vitamin A2 aldehydes to the corresponding acids by enzymes from pig and rat livers

VITAMIN A is stored in rat liver largely as its ester with small amounts of the alcohol, but is transported in the normal circulating blood in the latter form1. Although it was generally believed that the alcohol form is the more physiological state of the vitamin, since the work of Dowling and Wald2, it is being recognized that vitamin A acid and not the alcohol may be nearer to the 'active vitamin A'. If this were to be so, it would be important to demonstrate that a mechanism exists in the rat for the production of vitamin A acid from vitamin A alcohol through the intermediate, the aldehyde. Regarding the formation of the aldehyde, it has been well established that the alcohol dehydrogenase can bring about the conversion of vitamin A alcohol to retinene3. The presence of an enzyme in rat and pig liver catalysing the oxidation of retinene1 and retinene2 to the corresponding acids has been demonstrated in the present work and the partially purified enzyme preparation shown to be completely devoid of alcohol dehydrogenase activity.

Binding of active site directed ligands to phospholipase A2: Implications on the molecular constraints and catalytic mechanism

Molecular constraints for the localization of active site directed ligands (competitive inhibitors and substrates) in the active site of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) are characterized. Structure activity relationships with known inhibitors suggest that the head : group interactions dominate the selectivity as well as a substantial part of the affinity. The ab initio fitting of the amide ligands in the active site was carried out to characterize the head group interactions. Based on a systematic coordinate space search, formamide is docked with known experimental constraints such as coordination of the carbonyl group to Ca2+ and hydrogen bond between amide nitrogen and ND1 of His48. An optimal position for a bound water molecule is identified and its significance for the catalytic mechanism is postulated. Unlike the traditional ''pseudo-triad'' mechanism, the ''Ca-coordinatedoxyanion'' mechanism proposed here invokes activation of the catalytic water to form the oxyanion in the coordination sphere of calcium. As it attacks the carbonyl carbon of the ester, a near-tetrahedral intermediate is formed. As the second proton of the catalytic water is abstracted by the ester oxygen, its reorientation and simultaneous cleavage form hydrogen bond with ND1 of His48. In this mechanism of esterolysis, a catalytic role for the water co-ordinated to Ca2+ is recognised.

Annexin A2 and PSF proteins interact with p53 IRES and regulate translation of p53 mRNA

p53 mRNA has been shown to be translated into two isoforms, full-length p53 (FL-p53) and a truncated isoform Delta N-p53, which modulates the functions of FL-p53 and also has independent functions. Previously, we have shown that translation of p53 and Delta N-p53 can be initiated at Internal Ribosome Entry Sites (IRES). These two IRESs were shown to regulate the translation of p53 and Delta N-p53 in a distinct cell-cycle phase-dependent manner. Earlier observations from our laboratory also suggest that the structural integrity of the p53 RNA is critical for IRES function and is compromised by mutations that affect the structure as well as RNA protein interactions. In the current study, using RNA affinity approach we have identified Annexin A2 and PTB associated Splicing Factor (PSF/SFPQ) as novel ITAFs for p53 IRESs. We have showed that the purified Annexin A2 and PSF proteins specifically bind to p53 IRES elements. Interestingly, in the presence of calcium ions Annexin A2 showed increased binding with p53 IRES. Immunopulldown experiments suggest that these two proteins associate with p53 mRNA ex vivo as well. Partial knockdown of Annexin A2 and PSF showed decrease in p53 IRES activity and reduced levels of both the p53 isoforms. More importantly the interplay between Annexin A2, PSF and PTB proteins for binding to p53mRNA appears to play a crucial role in IRES function. Taken together, our observations suggest pivotal role of two new trans-acting factors in regulating the p53-IRES function, which in turn influences the synthesis of p53 isoforms.

Estudo de polimorfismos nos genes TP53 e p21(WAF1) e do perfil imunohistoquímico das proteínas p53, p21(WAF1), p16(INK4a) e ciclina D1 pela técnica de Tissue Microarray (TMA) e sua importância para o desenvolvimento e/ou severidade das neoplasias cervicais

O câncer de colo do útero é o terceiro tipo de câncer mais frequente em mulheres no mundo, e a infecção persistente pelo papilomavirus humano (HPV) oncogênico é condição necessária, mas não suficiente para seu desenvolvimento. As oncoproteínas virais E6 e E7 interferem direta ou indiretamente na ação de várias proteínas celulares. Entretanto, as variantes proteicas, resultantes de polimorfismos genéticos, podem apresentar comportamento distinto mediante a infecção pelo HPV. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar possíveis associações entre polimorfismos nos genes TP53 (p53 PIN3, p53 72C>G) e p21 (p21 31C>A) e o desenvolvimento de neoplasias cervicais, considerando os níveis de expressão das proteínas p53, p21, p16 e ciclina D1, e fatores de risco clássicos para o câncer cervical. Foram selecionadas 466 mulheres residentes no Rio de Janeiro, 281 com diagnóstico histopatológico de neoplasia cervical de baixo (LSIL) e alto grau (HSIL) e câncer (grupo de casos) e 185 sem história atual ou pregressa de alteração citológica do colo uterino (grupo controle). A técnica de PCR-RFLP (reação em cadeia da polimerase - polimorfismo de comprimento de fragmento de restrição), foi empregada na análise dos polimorfismos p53 72C>G e p21 31C>A, usando as enzimas de restrição BstUI e BsmaI, respectivamente. A avaliação do polimorfismo p53 PIN3 (duplicação de 16 pb) foi feita por meio da análise eletroforética direta dos produtos de PCR. A expressão das proteínas p53, p21, p16, ciclina D1 e Ki-67 e a pesquisa de anticorpos anti-HPV 16 e HPV pool foram avaliadas por imunohistoquímica (Tissue Microarray - TMA) em 196 biópsias do grupo de casos. O grupo controle se mostrou em equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg em relação aos três polimorfismos avaliados. As distribuições genotípicas e alélicas relativas a p53 PIN3 e p53 72C>G nos grupos controles e de casos não apresentaram diferenças significativas, embora o genótipo p53 72CC tenha aumentado o risco atribuído ao uso de contraceptivos das pacientes apresentarem lesões mais severas (OR=4,33; IC 95%=1,19-15,83). O genótipo p21 31CA(Ser/Arg) conferiu proteção ao desenvolvimento de HSIL ou câncer (OR=0,61, IC 95%=0,39-0,97), e modificou o efeito de fatores de risco associados à severidade das lesões. A interação multiplicativa de alelos mostrou que a combinação p53 PIN3A1, p53 72C(Pro) e p21 31C(Ser), representou risco (OR=1,67, IC95%=1,03-2,72) e a combinação p53 PIN3A1, p53 72C(Pro) e p21 31A(Arg) conferiu efeito protetor (OR=0,26, IC95%=0,08-0,78) para o desenvolvimento de HSIL e câncer cervical. Observou-se correlação positiva da expressão de p16 e p21 e negativa da ciclina D1 com o grau da lesão. A distribuição epitelial de p16, Ki-67, p21 e p53 se mostrou associada à severidade da lesão. Os polimorfismos analisados não apresentaram associação com a expressão dos biomarcadores ou positividade para HPV. Nossos resultados sugerem a importância do polimorfismo p21 31C>A para o desenvolvimento das neoplasias cervicais e ausência de correlação dos polimorfismos p53 PIN3 e p53 72C>G com a carcinogênese cervical, embora alguns genótipos tenham se comportado como modificadores de risco. Nossos resultados de TMA corroboram o potencial de uso de biomarcadores do ciclo celular para diferenciar as lesões precursoras do câncer cervical.